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Recent research has found that delayed rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the phase of sleep during which we dream, could be an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease in older adults. Scientists have long known that the quality and quantity of sleep can influence the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s, and this new study provides further evidence linking sleep disturbances to cognitive decline.

The study, led by Dr. Yue Leng from UCSF’s Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, suggests that a delay in entering REM sleep may disrupt the brain’s ability to consolidate memories, potentially signaling the early stages of Alzheimer’s. During REM sleep, the brain processes emotionally charged memories and stores them for the long term. A delay in this process can hinder learning and memory.

“Insufficient or delayed REM sleep may increase cortisol, a stress hormone that impairs the hippocampus—the brain’s memory center,” said Dr. Leng. “This interference could be a precursor to Alzheimer’s.”

The study, published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia on January 27, involved 128 participants, aged around 70, from the China-Japan Friendship Hospital in Beijing. Half of the participants had Alzheimer’s, while others showed signs of mild cognitive impairment, a condition often seen before Alzheimer’s. The remaining participants had normal cognitive function.

By analyzing brainwave activity, eye movement, and other physiological markers during sleep, the researchers divided participants into two groups: those who entered REM sleep early and those who experienced delayed REM. They found that those with Alzheimer’s had a significantly longer delay in reaching REM sleep, taking more than 193 minutes compared to less than 98 minutes for the early group. These individuals also exhibited higher levels of amyloid and tau—two proteins linked to Alzheimer’s—along with lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a healthy protein reduced in Alzheimer’s patients.

The research raises the possibility that sleep disturbances could serve as an early biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. Dr. Leng emphasized the need for further investigation into medications that might influence sleep patterns, which could potentially slow the disease’s progression.

Melatonin, known for aiding sleep, has shown promise in boosting REM sleep and reducing amyloid and tau buildup in animal studies. Additionally, other sleep aids that promote REM sleep may also help mitigate the accumulation of these harmful proteins.

For those concerned about Alzheimer’s risk, experts recommend maintaining good sleep hygiene. “Treating sleep disorders like sleep apnea and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption can help preserve healthy sleep patterns,” said Dr. Dantao Peng, co-author of the study.

Those taking medications that impact REM sleep, such as certain antidepressants and sedatives, should consult their healthcare provider to discuss their concerns about Alzheimer’s.

This study opens new doors for future research into the relationship between sleep and Alzheimer’s, offering hope for early interventions and better management of the disease.

Disclaimer: This research is ongoing, and while the findings are promising, further studies are needed to fully understand the connection between REM sleep and Alzheimer’s disease. Individuals should consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice.

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