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The spread of avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, has raised concerns worldwide. While the recent surge in cases is alarming, experts urge the public not to panic. S. Mark Tompkins, head of the University of Georgia’s (UGA) Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Research, offers insight into the virus, its spread, and the current situation, emphasizing that while vigilance is important, the risk to humans remains low.
What Is Bird Flu?
The H5N1 strain of avian influenza, commonly referred to as bird flu, is primarily found in wild aquatic birds, circulating globally without causing them harm. However, it has been known to occasionally jump to other species, causing outbreaks in poultry and, more recently, a troubling increase in infections across various mammal species, including foxes, bears, and even dolphins.
While H5N1’s impact on animals is concerning due to the high numbers of infections and fatalities, the potential threat to humans has also been raised. The virus has been detected in human populations, though severe cases remain rare, with only one reported case of severe illness in the U.S. thus far.
Should You Be Concerned About a Pandemic?
The question on everyone’s mind is whether avian influenza could trigger a pandemic. Tompkins points out that while the number of infected species, including mammals, creates an opportunity for the virus to adapt and potentially spread among humans more efficiently, the risk remains low. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there have been only 61 human cases of H5N1 worldwide since the outbreak began.
“The risk of an avian influenza pandemic is very low,” Tompkins states, “but I will never say never. It’s important to take necessary precautions to reduce exposure to the virus and prevent it from adapting to humans.”
Is It Safe to Drink Milk During a Bird Flu Outbreak?
For those concerned about the safety of dairy products during the bird flu outbreak, Tompkins reassures the public that pasteurized milk is perfectly safe. Pasteurization, which involves heating the milk to a high temperature, effectively kills the H5N1 virus along with other harmful pathogens.
However, raw milk, which has not undergone pasteurization, may contain live virus particles, as well as other bacteria like salmonella and listeria, which can pose serious health risks. Therefore, consuming raw dairy products is strongly discouraged during this time.
Why Was a State of Emergency Declared?
California, the largest dairy-producing state in the U.S., declared a state of emergency in August 2024 in response to the unprecedented spread of H5N1 on dairy farms. The virus was detected in 645 dairies, prompting a state-level response to protect both the dairy industry and the nation’s food supply. Additionally, two companies issued recalls after detecting the virus in raw dairy products.
This move allowed the state to mobilize additional resources and implement control measures to combat the spread of the virus, which has significantly impacted the state’s dairy industry.
Symptoms of Bird Flu in Humans
While most cases of avian influenza in humans are mild or asymptomatic, symptoms can include flu-like signs such as a sore throat, headache, fever, body aches, fatigue, and diarrhea. Red, irritated eyes are also common. Severe symptoms, such as shortness of breath or seizures, are extremely rare and have mostly been seen in those with direct exposure to infected animals.
Tompkins emphasizes that many viral infections, such as the common cold and COVID-19, share similar symptoms to avian influenza, making it challenging to distinguish between them without proper testing.
How Does Bird Flu Spread?
Unlike the typical human flu, which spreads easily through the air, avian influenza has a different mode of transmission. Studies suggest that H5N1 does not spread effectively through the air, which is why the risk of a pandemic remains low. Most human cases have occurred in individuals with direct exposure to infected animals, such as workers on poultry or dairy farms.
Wild animals typically contract the virus by consuming infected or dead birds. In dairy farms, the virus is believed to spread through the milking process, highlighting the importance of safety measures for those in direct contact with livestock.
Conclusion
While the spread of bird flu and its impact on animals is concerning, the risk to human health remains low, according to experts. As the situation evolves, public health measures continue to monitor and contain the virus, ensuring that the public remains informed without overreacting. The key is staying vigilant, taking preventive measures, and avoiding unnecessary exposure to the virus.
As always, Tompkins advises the public to stay informed and continue following the guidance of health authorities to mitigate risks.
