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SAN FRANCISCO, CA — A recent study conducted in San Francisco sheds light on a concerning trend among drug users: the transition from injecting to smoking fentanyl. Led by Daniel Ciccarone and his team at the University of California, San Francisco, the study, published in PLOS ONE on May 22, 2024, delves into the motivations and risks associated with this shift.
Fentanyl, a potent synthetic opioid, is notorious for its role in the opioid crisis gripping the United States. Traditionally administered through injection, fentanyl’s high potency and rapid onset make it highly addictive and exceptionally dangerous, with a significant risk of overdose. However, in certain regions, including parts of San Francisco, there has been a notable increase in individuals opting to smoke fentanyl instead.
The study employed rapid ethnography, involving in-depth interviews with 34 participants recruited from local syringe service programs. These interviews captured a spectrum of experiences and insights into the practice of smoking fentanyl. Participants cited fear of overdose and the difficulties associated with injecting as primary reasons for switching to smoking. Despite this transition, concerns persist regarding the high risk of overdose associated with fentanyl use in any form.
“Our findings highlight a cultural adaptation where smoking fentanyl is seen as a safer alternative to injecting,” remarked Daniel Ciccarone. “This shift reflects evolving practices among drug users, influenced by perceived advantages such as reduced overdose risk and ease of administration.”
Social dynamics also play a crucial role in the fentanyl smoking trend, with participants sharing equipment and drugs, albeit with awareness of hygiene and overdose risks associated with residue accumulation on shared items. The study underscores the urgent need for further research to assess the comparative risks of smoking versus injecting fentanyl, particularly concerning overdose potential.
“While our study offers valuable insights into local behaviors and perceptions, it is important to recognize its limitations in generalizability,” cautioned Ciccarone. “Future research must explore the broader implications of fentanyl smoking across different demographics and geographic areas.”
As fentanyl continues to contribute to a staggering number of overdose deaths nationwide, understanding emerging trends like smoking is crucial for developing targeted interventions and policies aimed at reducing harm and saving lives.
For more information on this study, refer to the original publication titled “Innovation and adaptation: The rise of a fentanyl smoking culture in San Francisco” in PLOS ONE.
Reference: “Innovation and adaptation: The rise of a fentanyl smoking culture in San Francisco” by Daniel Ciccarone et al., PLOS ONE, May 22, 2024. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303403
This research was supported by a grant from the US National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse (Grant No. DA054190), with no involvement in study design, data analysis, or publication decisions.
