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In a groundbreaking new study published in ACS ES&T Water on October 17, 2024, scientists have discovered the widespread presence of toxic ‘Forever Chemicals’ in drinking water around the world. These chemicals, known as PFAS (perfluoroalkyl substances), do not degrade naturally and have been found in samples of both tap and bottled water from multiple countries, raising concerns about global water safety.
The study, conducted by researchers from the University of Birmingham, Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, and Hainan University in Haikou, analyzed 112 bottled water samples and 55 tap water samples from various regions, including major cities in the UK and China. PFAS, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were detected in over 99% of bottled water samples across 15 countries.
PFAS Concentrations: UK vs. China
The study revealed significant disparities in PFAS concentrations between countries. Tap water samples from Shenzhen, China, were found to have higher PFAS concentrations compared to those from Birmingham, UK. Notably, the average PFOS concentrations in Chinese tap water exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) new maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 4 ng/L, underscoring the need for tighter regulations and monitoring.
However, the researchers emphasize that current PFAS levels in most samples do not yet pose an immediate health risk. Co-author Professor Stuart Harrad from the University of Birmingham remarked, “While the PFAS levels in most water samples are not a major health concern, it is essential to continue monitoring and regulating these substances to protect public health.”
Bottled Water and PFAS
The study also compared bottled water from different countries, revealing that natural mineral water generally contained higher PFAS concentrations than purified water. Despite this, most concentrations remained below health advisory limits set by regulatory agencies. The study showed no significant differences in PFAS levels between glass and plastic containers or between still and sparkling waters.
Mitigation Through Water Filtration
One of the study’s key findings is the effectiveness of simple household water treatment methods in reducing PFAS concentrations. The use of activated carbon filtration, such as water filter jugs, and boiling were found to reduce PFAS levels by 50% to 90%, depending on the chemical and treatment method.
“Our findings highlight the widespread presence of PFAS in drinking water and the effectiveness of simple treatment methods to reduce their levels,” noted Professor Harrad. “These practical solutions can help mitigate consumer exposure.”
Health Risks of PFAS
PFAS, which are widely used in industrial applications and consumer products like waterproof clothing and firefighting foams, are known to cause a range of adverse health effects. These include impaired immune response to vaccination, liver dysfunction, reduced birth weight, and increased risk of certain cancers.
The chemicals can enter the human body in various ways, including through ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation, and skin absorption. As PFAS are resistant to degradation, they accumulate in the environment and in living organisms, leading to long-term exposure risks.
Call for Further Research and Regulation
Co-author Professor Yi Zheng from Southern University of Science and Technology emphasized the importance of continued research into PFAS exposure. “Increased awareness about the presence of PFAS in both tap and bottled water can lead to more informed choices by consumers, encouraging the use of water purification methods. Our findings suggest that potential health risks are influenced by lifestyle and economic conditions, and further socio-economic research is needed.”
With PFAS being found in such a wide range of consumer products and natural resources, this study underscores the urgent need for global regulatory measures to limit their use and reduce contamination in drinking water.
A Global Concern
The presence of PFAS in water supplies across the globe has become a growing concern for both scientists and public health officials. As the health risks associated with these chemicals become clearer, the demand for stricter regulation and safer water filtration methods will likely increase.
This study provides valuable data for policymakers and offers practical solutions for reducing PFAS levels in drinking water, helping to ensure safer water for communities worldwide.
