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Researchers from NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) and the University of Bristol have identified a new blood group system named MAL, finally unraveling a 50-year-old enigma concerning the AnWj antigen, first discovered in 1972.
The breakthrough, announced recently, sheds light on the genetic underpinnings of the AnWj antigen, a crucial component in ensuring safe blood transfusions. Louise Tilley, who has dedicated two decades to this project, led the research team that developed a genetic test to detect individuals who lack the AnWj antigen. This advancement promises to enhance care for rare patients and facilitate the identification of compatible blood donors.
Tilley explained to the BBC that quantifying the number of individuals who will benefit from this test is challenging. However, NHSBT estimates that it serves as a vital option for approximately 400 patients worldwide each year. “Having undergone multiple blood transfusions and a bone marrow transplant, I understand firsthand the critical need for safer blood matches,” said Philip Brown, a leukemia survivor and lab technician.
The discovery has far-reaching implications for patient care globally. The International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, based in Filton and operated by NHSBT, is positioned to support various countries with antibodies for research and has developed a new test that can be seamlessly integrated into existing genotyping systems.
Key Findings of the Study:
- AnWj Antigen: The research team successfully elucidated the genetic foundation of the AnWj antigen, providing vital insights for patients deficient in this blood group.
- MAL Blood Group System: The identification of the AnWj antigen within the MAL Blood Group System designates it as the 47th blood group system recognized in humans.
- Genetic Explanation: The study revealed that the absence of the MAL gene due to homozygous deletions is responsible for the inherited AnWj-negative trait.
- Transfusion Safety: The development of new genotyping tests aimed at identifying rare AnWj-negative individuals will significantly enhance safety during blood transfusions, reducing the likelihood of adverse reactions.
Blood group antigens, proteins found on red blood cells, play a critical role in preventing severe transfusion reactions. Nicole Thornton, Head of the Laboratory, emphasized the international importance of this discovery. “Unraveling the genetic basis of the AnWj antigen has been a major challenge. With this breakthrough, we can now design genotyping tests to identify patients and donors with this rare antigen,” Thornton stated.
As researchers celebrate this significant advancement, the medical community looks forward to its implementation, which holds the potential to transform the lives of patients relying on safe and compatible blood transfusions.
