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When the word “extremism” is mentioned, most people immediately associate it with terrorism, radical ideologies, or acts of violence. However, according to social psychologists Arie W. Kruglanski of the University of Maryland and Sophia Moskalenko of Georgia State University, extremist personality traits are not the exclusive domain of terrorists. Instead, they argue that extremism, in its various forms, can be a powerful force for both good and ill.
In their book The Psychology of the Extreme, Kruglanski and Moskalenko define extremists as individuals who devote all their mental and energetic resources to pursuing a single dominant goal, often at the expense of other aspects of life. They assert that many renowned historical figures, including Marie Curie, Steve Jobs, Vincent van Gogh, Mother Teresa, and Martin Luther King Jr., demonstrated such single-minded dedication, which enabled them to achieve extraordinary feats.
The Dual Nature of Extremism
Extremism, in this broader sense, is not inherently destructive. It can drive individuals to create remarkable works of art, make scientific breakthroughs, or champion humanitarian causes. However, when left unchecked, it can also lead to detrimental consequences, including social isolation, self-neglect, and even dangerous radicalization.
The psychological traits that make someone an extremist—obsession, perseverance, and an unwavering commitment to a cause—can manifest in diverse ways. Some individuals channel their extremism into workaholism, extreme sports, or relentless pursuit of personal ambitions, while others may become drawn to harmful ideologies. What differentiates positive extremism from dangerous radicalization is often the nature of the cause and the social environment surrounding the individual.
Historical Parallels in Extremism
Kruglanski and Moskalenko make a striking comparison between figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Osama bin Laden, emphasizing that both men came from privileged backgrounds, underwent profound ideological transformations, and dedicated their lives to their respective causes. While one pursued nonviolent resistance and the other orchestrated acts of terror, their psychological journeys bore similarities in terms of their unwavering commitment and personal sacrifices.
This comparison, while controversial, highlights the fundamental psychological processes that drive extremism. Whether in the pursuit of peace or violence, extremists often undergo a gradual transformation, first altering their lifestyle and social circles before becoming fully immersed in their cause. This process can be exacerbated by the presence of like-minded individuals, particularly in the age of social media, where extremist ideologies can find a supportive echo chamber.
The Social Dynamics of Extremism
According to the authors, extremism is often sustained by a sense of belonging to a group that shares the same values and goals. Without external reinforcement, most individuals do not maintain extreme behaviors indefinitely. However, when surrounded by a supportive community, extremists find validation, making it harder to break away from their mindset.
Interestingly, the psychologists also argue that a certain degree of extremism may have evolutionary benefits. In moments of crisis, the ability to focus intensely on a single objective can be crucial for survival. Romantic love, parental devotion, and even emergency problem-solving all exhibit elements of extreme focus, suggesting that this trait has played a role in human evolution.
Balancing Extremism for a Healthy Life
For those who recognize extremist tendencies in themselves, Kruglanski and Moskalenko offer strategies to achieve balance. These include practicing tolerance for different perspectives, being mindful of personal needs beyond a single goal, and engaging with a broad social network. Often, it is the intervention of loved ones that helps steer an extremist back toward a more moderate and well-rounded path.
Conclusion and Disclaimer
While extremism is often associated with radical and destructive behavior, the research of Kruglanski and Moskalenko suggests that it is a nuanced psychological trait that can lead to both great achievements and significant harm. Recognizing and managing extreme tendencies can help individuals harness their drive for positive contributions while avoiding the pitfalls of obsession and isolation.
Disclaimer: The views and interpretations presented in this article are based on the research of Arie W. Kruglanski and Sophia Moskalenko. The comparisons and analyses provided do not equate morally positive and negative forms of extremism but rather highlight psychological similarities. Readers are encouraged to seek further insights from The Psychology of the Extreme for a more comprehensive understanding of this subject.
