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As extreme heat events become more frequent in Australia and globally, health risks associated with high temperatures are increasingly evident. While extreme heat can exacerbate existing medical conditions or lead to heat-related illnesses like heat stroke, children are particularly vulnerable due to their unique physiology and behaviors.
A recent study conducted in New South Wales (NSW) highlights the significant impact of heat waves on children’s health, emphasizing the need for protective measures during hot weather.
Why Are Children More Susceptible?
Children’s bodies differ from adults in how they handle heat. While their greater skin surface area relative to body mass helps with heat loss through sweating, it also means they can lose fluids and electrolytes more rapidly, making them more prone to dehydration.
Babies, however, cannot sweat as effectively as older children, limiting their ability to cool down. Additionally, children often engage in more outdoor physical activities, increasing their exposure to extreme heat. Their limited awareness of overheating signals, such as excessive sweating or flushed skin, can further delay necessary cooling measures.
Findings from the Study
Researchers analyzed data from over 8 million emergency department (ED) visits and 1.4 million hospital admissions of children aged 0–18 years in NSW between 2000 and 2020. The study defined a “heat wave day” as having at least two consecutive days with maximum temperatures above the 95th percentile for the area.
Key findings included:
- Heat-related illnesses: Hospital admissions for heat-related conditions, including dehydration and heat stroke, were 104% more likely on heat wave days. ED visits increased by 78%.
- Infections: Heat waves also saw higher rates of infections in children, including:
- Infectious enteritis (often linked to food poisoning) – ED visits rose by 6%, and hospital admissions by 17%.
- Ear infections – ED visits increased by 30%, and hospital admissions by 3%.
- Skin and soft tissue infections – ED visits rose by 6%, and hospital admissions by 4%.
Most Vulnerable Groups
The study found infants under one year of age and children from disadvantaged areas were particularly at risk during heat waves. Babies’ limited ability to regulate body temperature and dependence on caregivers contribute to their vulnerability. Families from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may face challenges like limited access to air conditioning and living in hotter neighborhoods, further increasing risks.
Tips for Keeping Kids Cool and Safe
Parents and caregivers play a vital role in protecting children from heat-related health issues. Here are some practical tips:
- Avoid overheating in strollers: Covering strollers with cloth can trap heat, raising temperatures inside. Instead, use a wet cloth combined with a small fan to reduce the temperature. Rewet the cloth every 15–20 minutes to maintain the cooling effect.
- Stick to the shade: Temperatures in the sun can be up to 15°C higher than those reported in weather forecasts. Prioritize shaded areas when outdoors.
- Adjust outdoor activities: Schedule physical activities during cooler parts of the day and limit their duration to prevent overheating.
- Hydration is key: Ensure children drink water frequently, even before they feel thirsty. Offering water-rich foods like watermelon and oranges can also help.
- Cooling measures: Spray water on the child’s skin, including arms, legs, and torso, to promote cooling. Wetting hats can provide additional relief.
As extreme heat events become more common, understanding the risks and implementing preventive measures can help safeguard children’s health this summer. Simple actions can make a significant difference in keeping young ones cool and protected.
This article is based on research findings from The Conversation.
