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A new analysis from the Women’s Health Initiative trial suggests that daily calcium and vitamin D supplements may offer a mixed bag of benefits and risks for postmenopausal women. Published in the Annals of Internal Medicine on March 12, the study reveals that while the supplements decreased the long-term risk of dying from cancer by 7 percent, they slightly increased the risk of death due to heart disease by 6 percent. However, the combo seemed to have no significant effect on death from any cause or the incidence of hip fractures.
The Women’s Health Initiative trial, the largest randomized trial on the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplements involving over 36,000 postmenopausal women, initially focused on outcomes like fracture risk, cancer, and heart disease. The recent analysis sought to revisit these findings after more than 20 years, using available data on health events and death rates.
According to lead author Cynthia Thomson, PhD, RD, the updated results underscore the importance of long-term research, especially considering the slow development of conditions like cancer. The original trial’s findings were largely null, but the new analysis reveals nuanced effects that could shape recommendations for postmenopausal women’s health.
Recommendations and Risks
Calcium and vitamin D are vital for maintaining bone health, particularly in postmenopausal women who face increased risks of osteoporosis and fractures. Marilyn Tan, MD, an associate professor of medicine at Stanford Health Care, emphasizes the importance of meeting recommended intake levels for both nutrients while being cautious of potential risks associated with excess supplementation.
The current recommendations suggest 1,200 mg of calcium daily for postmenopausal women, with vitamin D intake set at 800 IU per day for individuals over 70 years old. However, Tan advises against excessive calcium supplementation due to risks such as kidney stones and gastrointestinal issues. Similarly, overconsumption of vitamin D can lead to various health problems, including kidney damage and heart rhythm disturbances.
Interpreting the Findings
Despite the study’s insightful findings, the authors caution against drawing definitive conclusions due to limitations such as the study’s predominantly white and highly educated participants. Additionally, the observed effects could be subject to chance given the diverse range of conditions analyzed.
Stephanie Faubion, MD, director of the Mayo Clinic Center for Women’s Health, emphasizes the importance of individualized healthcare decisions, particularly for women concerned about heart disease risk. While the study suggests potential benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation, Faubion advises women to consult healthcare providers to assess their specific health needs and risks.
In conclusion, while the study sheds light on the complex relationship between calcium, vitamin D, and health outcomes in postmenopausal women, further research is needed to fully understand the implications. In the meantime, healthcare providers recommend adhering to balanced dietary intake guidelines and exercising caution when considering supplementation.
