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Recent research has revealed that particulate pollution from vehicle brake wear may pose a greater risk to lung health than emissions from diesel exhaust, challenging conventional assumptions about the main sources of traffic-related air pollution.
A study led by scientists at the University of Southampton, published in the journal Particle and Fibre Toxicology, found that tiny particles released from certain types of brake pads—especially those rich in copper—are more toxic to lung cells than particles from diesel exhaust. The research examined four types of brake pads: low metallic, semi-metallic, non-asbestos organic (NAO), and hybrid-ceramic. Among these, NAO and ceramic pads produced particles that were particularly harmful, inducing greater oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage in lung tissue.
Particulate matter (PM) from brake wear is small enough to be inhaled deep into the lungs, where it can bypass the body’s natural defenses and reach the delicate air sacs responsible for oxygen exchange. Exposure to these particles has been linked to increased risk of lung and heart disease, as well as chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, and even cancer. The copper content in brake pads was identified as a key factor driving this toxicity, with copper particles accumulating in cells and causing significant harm.
The study also highlights that while diesel exhaust has long been the primary target of air quality regulations, non-exhaust emissions—including brake, tire, and road dust—now account for the majority of vehicle-related particulate pollution in many urban areas. As electric vehicles become more common, their increased weight is expected to further boost brake and tire wear, potentially making non-exhaust emissions the dominant source of traffic-related air pollution.
Experts warn that current policies focused solely on reducing tailpipe emissions may not be enough to protect public health. “People generally associate pollution from cars as being from exhaust pipes and think of electric vehicles as having zero emissions. However, electric vehicles still produce particulate matter due to friction and wear of the road, tyres, and brakes,” said Dr. James Parkin, lead author of the study at the University of Southampton.
Disclaimer:
The information provided in this article is based on recent scientific studies and is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or health objectives.
