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A recent study published in BMC Medicine has identified added sugar and salt as major contributors to the risk of gastric cancer, particularly in relation to dietary patterns. Conducted in Brazil, the research found that sugar added to food is a significant factor in the relationship between stomach cancer and an unhealthy diet, while high salt intake increases the risk of tumors even in those who follow otherwise healthy eating habits.
Dietary Patterns and Their Impact
The study classified dietary habits into two main patterns:
- Unhealthy Dietary Pattern (UDP): Characterized by high consumption of processed meats, sugary carbonated drinks, and fast food.
- Healthy Dietary Pattern (HDP): Defined by a high intake of vegetables, fruits, and low sodium levels.
The findings revealed that individuals adhering to the UDP had an increased risk of developing gastric cancer, with added sugars contributing between 7% and 21% to this correlation. Meanwhile, sodium intake emerged as the primary factor linking the HDP to a higher risk of gastric adenocarcinoma, a form of stomach cancer that accounts for over 90% of cases of this disease.
Study Methodology and Key Findings
Using an innovative approach, researchers analyzed data from 1,751 individuals across four Brazilian cities: São Paulo, Goiânia, Fortaleza, and Belém. Belém, notably, recorded the highest incidence rates of stomach cancer.
Participants were surveyed using a 130-item food frequency questionnaire adapted for regional dietary habits. Through exploratory factor analysis and mediation analysis, the study established a connection between dietary patterns and cancer risk, emphasizing the importance of overall eating habits rather than isolated nutrients.
According to oncologist Maria Paula Curado of the A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, the study provides valuable epidemiological insights into gastric cancer mechanisms. “Each region in Brazil has distinct dietary behaviors, but they can all lead to the same disease,” she noted. “Our study took a case-control approach, matching cancer patients with individuals without the disease to identify risk factors.”
The Role of Sodium and Sugar
Excess sodium intake has long been associated with carcinogenesis, particularly in individuals infected with Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium linked to gastritis and other stomach ailments. Sodium can induce atrophic gastritis and metaplasia, chronic gastric conditions that can develop into cancer.
A national survey estimated that approximately 60% of Brazilian adults consume excessive sodium, largely through everyday staples like white bread, beans, rice, and beef. Many products labeled as “whole grain,” such as cereals and bread, also contain high sodium levels.
Sugar consumption is another growing concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) advises that added sugar should not exceed 10% of daily caloric intake. However, a single 350ml soft drink can contain up to 38 grams of added sugar, pushing many individuals beyond recommended limits.
Public Health Implications
Recognizing the urgent need for better dietary education, experts stress the importance of practical health messaging. “We need to inform people about the risks without resorting to fear tactics,” Curado explained. “Instead of banning certain foods outright, we should educate communities on how to make healthier choices.”
In 2022, Brazil implemented stricter food labeling laws requiring manufacturers to highlight high sodium and sugar content on packaging. Researchers hope such measures, combined with continued public health initiatives, will help reduce the prevalence of gastric cancer.
Future Research and Prevention Strategies
Lead author Alex Richard Costa Silva emphasized that the study opens new avenues for understanding diet-related cancer risks. “Added sugars are still an underexplored factor in gastric cancer research. Our findings provide a basis for further studies and potential dietary interventions,” he stated.
The study suggests that further initiatives are necessary to promote healthier eating habits and reduce the consumption of sodium and added sugars, ultimately aiming to lower the incidence of stomach cancer.
Disclaimer: This article is based on research findings and does not constitute medical advice. Readers are encouraged to consult healthcare professionals for personalized dietary and health recommendations.
