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Food allergies and food intolerances are common terms that often get used interchangeably, but they are fundamentally different conditions. While both can cause discomfort, their causes and severity vary significantly.
In Australia, up to 25% of the population is estimated to experience food intolerances, with lactose intolerance being one of the most frequently reported. On the other hand, food allergies are especially prevalent among infants and young children, with cow’s milk allergy being one of the most common.
What is a Food Allergy?
Food allergies occur when the body’s immune system reacts to certain foods as if they are harmful. Australia boasts one of the highest rates of food allergies globally, and while they can develop at any age, they are most commonly seen in children, with over 10% of one-year-olds affected. Common food allergens include eggs, peanuts, milk, shellfish, and wheat.
Symptoms of food allergies range from mild reactions like swelling of the lips and skin rashes to severe and life-threatening anaphylaxis, which can cause difficulty breathing and even collapse.
What is a Food Intolerance?
Food intolerances, unlike allergies, do not involve the immune system. They occur when the body has difficulty digesting or metabolizing certain foods. Lactose intolerance, for example, is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to break down lactose in dairy products.
Food intolerances can also arise due to natural chemicals in foods, such as salicylates in fruits, vegetables, or herbs, or reactions to artificial preservatives and flavor enhancers. Symptoms include digestive upset, headaches, and fatigue. Unlike allergies, intolerances do not cause life-threatening reactions but may lead to ongoing issues like malnutrition if not managed properly.
Key Differences Between Allergies and Intolerances
While both conditions can affect similar foods like milk, the reactions are different. People with cow’s milk allergy can react even to trace amounts of milk, with potentially fatal outcomes. However, those with lactose intolerance might be able to consume small amounts of dairy without noticeable symptoms.
Food allergies often persist through childhood, particularly those to nuts, fish, and shellfish, but some childhood allergies (like milk or egg) may resolve as the child grows older. Food intolerances, however, can occur at any age and sometimes arise temporarily due to factors such as illness or medication.
Diagnosis and Treatment
To diagnose a food allergy, doctors typically perform skin prick tests or blood tests to identify specific allergens. In contrast, food intolerances require a thorough review of symptoms and food history, often with the help of an elimination diet, which should always be conducted under professional supervision.
Unfortunately, there is no cure for either food allergies or intolerances. The best way to manage an allergy is to avoid the triggering food entirely, while a dietitian or doctor can help manage intolerances by suggesting appropriate dietary adjustments.
Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your doctor or a qualified health professional before making any changes to your diet or treatment plan.
