As the summer heat rolls in, many people flock to freshwater lakes, rivers, and streams for a refreshing dip. While these natural swimming holes provide a perfect escape from the heat, they come with a hidden danger: a deadly brain-eating amoeba known as Naegleria fowleri. Although infections are rare, they are nearly always fatal. Here’s what you need to know about this deadly microorganism and how to protect yourself and your loved ones.
What is Naegleria fowleri?
Naegleria fowleri, often referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba,” is a microscopic organism that thrives in warm freshwater environments. The amoeba was first identified in the 1960s after an outbreak of unusual meningitis cases in South Australia. Since then, hundreds of fatal infections have been reported across the globe, with the majority of cases occurring in younger males, typically around the age of 12.
This deadly pathogen can cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but almost always fatal infection that attacks the brain. Naegleria fowleri thrives in warm water temperatures ranging from 25°C to 40°C, which is why it’s commonly found in lakes, rivers, hot springs, and poorly chlorinated swimming pools. It does not survive in saltwater or disinfected water, such as that in municipal water supplies.
How does the amoeba infect the brain?
Unlike many pathogens, Naegleria fowleri does not enter the body through ingestion of contaminated water. Instead, the amoeba infects the brain when water containing the pathogen enters the nose. Once in the nasal passages, the amoeba travels up to the brain, where it causes a devastating infection.
The symptoms of PAM often begin with a headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and neck stiffness. Within days, the infection can progress to confusion, seizures, and even coma. Despite the aggressive nature of the disease, only a few people have survived after contracting it.
Where is Naegleria fowleri found?
The amoeba is found in warm freshwater environments, particularly in areas where the water temperature is elevated. It has been detected in lakes, rivers, streams, and hot springs, as well as in some poorly maintained or under-chlorinated swimming pools. It’s important to note that Naegleria fowleri is not a threat in ocean water or in water supplies that are properly disinfected with chlorine.
In 2016, a case in Australia led to the closure of Lake Liddell in New South Wales after the amoeba was detected in the artificially heated waters. In 1978, a similar infection occurred at the Roman-built baths in the city of Bath, England, leading to the closure of the site to swimmers.
How can I avoid the amoeba?
Although the chances of contracting PAM are extremely low, there are precautions you can take to minimize your risk. Here are a few tips to stay safe:
- Avoid swimming in warm, stagnant freshwater: If you must swim in lakes, rivers, or streams, avoid getting water in your nose.
- Be cautious with children: Children are especially vulnerable, as they often engage in activities like jumping, splashing, and diving, which increase the likelihood of water entering their nasal passages.
- Choose well-maintained, chlorinated pools: If you prefer swimming in a pool, opt for one that is regularly treated with the correct amount of chlorine. Properly chlorinated pools are safe from Naegleria fowleri and other waterborne pathogens.
- Use sterilized water for nasal rinsing: If you rinse your nasal passages, make sure to use properly sterilized water to avoid introducing the amoeba into your system.
Conclusion
While the risk of infection with Naegleria fowleri is extremely low, the consequences are dire. By taking precautions to avoid water entering the nose, particularly in freshwater swimming holes, you can reduce the likelihood of contracting this potentially fatal amoeba. Stay informed, swim safely, and enjoy the summer with peace of mind.
Provided by The Conversation